Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in veterinary medicine – a general selection of references

Objective To assess antimicrobial resistance among bacteria isolated from dogs and cats admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital (VTH), determine the incidence of acquisition of and frequency of persistent colonization by antimicrobial-resistant organisms among these animals, and identify risk factors associated with these variables. Design Prospective longitudinal study. Animals 622 dogs and 92 cats admitted to a VTH and expected to stay >=48 hours. Procedures Samples were collected with rectal and nasal or oropharyngeal swabs at admission and discharge. Isolates of enterococci, staphylococci, and Escherichia coli were tested for antimicrobial resistance via microbroth dilution methods. A subset of isolates was analyzed with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing. Significant trends in proportions of organisms with antimicrobial resistance over the 3-year study period were assessed. Results The proportion of staphylococci with antimicrobial resistance increased, whereas the proportion of E coli with resistance decreased, over time; resistance among enterococci was more variable. For 506 dogs with paired admission and discharge samples, multidrug-resistant (MDR) E coli was acquired by 40 (8%) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was acquired by 7 (1.4%); hospitalization for >3 days was significantly associated with both variables. Most (5/7 isolates) acquired MRSA was of sequence type (ST) 5. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Extended hospitalization was associated with increased risk of acquiring MDR E coli or MRSA, although few animals acquired MRSA. It is unclear whether associations were confounded by illness severity or use of infection control measures. Additionally, MRSA of ST5, which has been associated with small animal medicine, was the most commonly acquired MRSA in this study. Publication Type Journal article. <8> Accession Number 20133334996 Author Degi, J.; Imre, K.; Herman, V.; Catana, N. Title Antibiotic resistance of the Streptococcus canis strains isolated from dogs. Source Lucrari Stiintifice Universitatea de Stiinte Agricole a Banatului Timisoara, Medicina Veterinara; 2013. 46(2):52-56. 12 ref. Publisher Facultatea de Medicina Veterinara Location of Publisher Timisoara Country of Publication Romania Abstract This investigation provided data on occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in important pathogenic bacteria from dogs, which may be useful for the small animal practitioner. Resistance was high to the compounds that were most often used, but unfortunately, these compounds were broad-spectrum. Were tested 34 strains of Streptococcus canis isolates from dogs with different skin disorders. Bacterial resistance was tested for susceptibility to eight commonly used antibiotics through KirbyBauer disk diffusion technique; using commercially available discs. No resistance was observed to ciprofloxacin, novobiocin, ceftriaxone, cefaclor, cefoxitin, pristinamycin and ampicillin/sulbactam. Drug resistance was observed toward polymyxin B (82.35% of the isolates) lincomycin (61.76% of the isolates), erythromycin (52.94%), tetracycline (50.00%), kanamycin (44.11%), gentamycin (35.29%), doxycycline (32.35%), amoxacillin/clavuianic acid (23.52%), methicillin (5.88%), rifampicin (2.94%) and vancomycin (2.94%), respectively. Data on resistance and usage may form a background for the establishment of a set of recommendations for prudent use of antimicrobials for companion animals. Publication Type Journal article.This investigation provided data on occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in important pathogenic bacteria from dogs, which may be useful for the small animal practitioner. Resistance was high to the compounds that were most often used, but unfortunately, these compounds were broad-spectrum. Were tested 34 strains of Streptococcus canis isolates from dogs with different skin disorders. Bacterial resistance was tested for susceptibility to eight commonly used antibiotics through KirbyBauer disk diffusion technique; using commercially available discs. No resistance was observed to ciprofloxacin, novobiocin, ceftriaxone, cefaclor, cefoxitin, pristinamycin and ampicillin/sulbactam. Drug resistance was observed toward polymyxin B (82.35% of the isolates) lincomycin (61.76% of the isolates), erythromycin (52.94%), tetracycline (50.00%), kanamycin (44.11%), gentamycin (35.29%), doxycycline (32.35%), amoxacillin/clavuianic acid (23.52%), methicillin (5.88%), rifampicin (2.94%) and vancomycin (2.94%), respectively. Data on resistance and usage may form a background for the establishment of a set of recommendations for prudent use of antimicrobials for companion animals. Publication Type Journal article. <9> Accession Number 20133343561 Author Wasyl, D.; Hoszowski, A.; Zajac, M.; Szulowski, K. Title Antimicrobial resistance in commensal Escherichia coli isolated from animals at slaughter. Source Frontiers in Microbiology; 2013. 4(August):221. 36 ref. Publisher Frontiers Research Foundation Location of Publisher Lausanne Country of Publication Switzerland Abstract Monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in commensal Escherichia coli (N=3430) isolated from slaughtered broilers, laying hens, turkeys, swine, and cattle in Poland has been run between 2009 and 2012. Based on minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) microbiological resistance to each of 14 tested antimicrobials was found reaching the highest values for tetracycline (43.3%), ampicillin (42.3%), and ciprofloxacin (39.0%) whereas the lowest for colistin (0.9%), cephalosporins (3.6/3.8%), and florfenicol (3.8%). The highest prevalence of resistance was noted in broiler and turkey isolates, whereas it was rare in cattle. That finding along with resistance patterns specific to isolation source might reflect antimicrobial consumption, usage preferences or management practices in specific animals. Regression analysis has identified changes in prevalence of microbiological resistance and shifts of MIC values. Critically important fluoroquinolone resistance was worrisome in poultry isolates, but did not change over the study period. The difference (4.7%) between resistance to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid indicated the scale of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance. Cephalosporin resistance were found in less than 3.8% of the isolates but an increasing trends were observed in poultry and MIC shift in the ones from cattle. Gentamycin resistance was also increasing in E. coli of turkey and cattle origin although prevalence of streptomycin resistance in laying hens decreased considerably. Simultaneously, decreasing MIC for phenicols observed in cattle and layers isolates as well asMonitoring of antimicrobial resistance in commensal Escherichia coli (N=3430) isolated from slaughtered broilers, laying hens, turkeys, swine, and cattle in Poland has been run between 2009 and 2012. Based on minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) microbiological resistance to each of 14 tested antimicrobials was found reaching the highest values for tetracycline (43.3%), ampicillin (42.3%), and ciprofloxacin (39.0%) whereas the lowest for colistin (0.9%), cephalosporins (3.6/3.8%), and florfenicol (3.8%). The highest prevalence of resistance was noted in broiler and turkey isolates, whereas it was rare in cattle. That finding along with resistance patterns specific to isolation source might reflect antimicrobial consumption, usage preferences or management practices in specific animals. Regression analysis has identified changes in prevalence of microbiological resistance and shifts of MIC values. Critically important fluoroquinolone resistance was worrisome in poultry isolates, but did not change over the study period. The difference (4.7%) between resistance to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid indicated the scale of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance. Cephalosporin resistance were found in less than 3.8% of the isolates but an increasing trends were observed in poultry and MIC shift in the ones from cattle. Gentamycin resistance was also increasing in E. coli of turkey and cattle origin although prevalence of streptomycin resistance in laying hens decreased considerably. Simultaneously, decreasing MIC for phenicols observed in cattle and layers isolates as well as tetracycline values in E. coli from laying hens prove that antimicrobial resistance is multivariable phenomenon not only directly related to antimicrobial usage. Further studies should elucidate the scope of commensal E. coli as reservoirs of resistance genes, their spread and possible threats for human and animal health. Publication Type Journal article.